Ukusika Machining Of Powder Metallurgy (P / M) Izingxenye

Ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo ye-powder metallurgy (P / M) yokwenza izingxenye zezinhlelo zamandla ezimoto kuyaqhubeka nokukhula. Izingxenye ezenziwe ngenqubo ye-P / M zinezinzuzo eziningi ezibalulekile futhi ezihlukile. Isakhiwo se-porous esisele ngenhloso eshiywe kulezi zingxenye sikulungele ukuzithambisa kanye nokufaka umsindo. Ama-alloys ayinkimbinkimbi anzima noma angenakwenzeka ukwenziwa ngenqubo yendabuko yokusakaza angakhiqizwa ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-P / M. Izingxenye ezikhiqizwe yilobu buchwepheshe ngokuvamile zinomthamo wokucubungula omncane noma onganalo nhlobo, okubenza bashibhe futhi babe nodoti omncane ezintweni zokwakha. Ngeshwa, ngemuva kokuheha lezi zici, izingxenye ze-P / M kunzima ukuzisebenzisa.

Yize enye yezinhloso zokuqala zemboni ye-P / M ukuqeda konke ukucubungula, le njongo ayikafezeki. Izingxenye eziningi zingaba "seduze nesimo sokugcina" kuphela futhi zisadinga ukuqedwa.

Kodwa-ke, uma kuqhathaniswa nokusakazwa nokuxolelwa, inani elincane lezinto ezidinga ukususwa ezingxenyeni ze-P / M kuyinto ejwayelekile emelana nokugqoka.

Isakhiwo esidala singesinye sezici ezenza izingxenye ze-p / M zibe nokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene, kepha impilo yethuluzi nayo izolinyazwa yisakhiwo esingenalutho. Isakhiwo esidala singagcina uwoyela nomsindo, kepha futhi kuholela ekusikeni okuncane okuphakathi. Lapho unyuka ubuya uye emuva usuka emgodini uye ezinhlayiyini eziqinile, ithiphu yethuluzi liqhubeka lithinteka, okungaholela ekukhuleni kokukhathala okuncane kakhulu kanye nokuwa onqenqemeni oluhle eceleni komphetho wokusika. Ukwenza izinto zibe zimbi kakhulu, izinhlayiya ngokuvamile zinzima kakhulu. Noma ubulukhuni obukhulu bezinto ezilinganisiwe buphakathi kuka-20 no-35 degrees, ubukhulu bezinhlayiyana zento bufinyelela kuma-degree angama-60. Lezi zinhlayiya ezinzima zidala ukugqoka onqenqemeni olunzima futhi olusheshayo. Izingxenye eziningi ze-p / M ziyelapheka ngokushisa, futhi ubulukhuni namandla wento ephezulu kuphezulu ngemuva kokwelashwa kokushisa. Ekugcineni, ngenxa yobuchwepheshe bokwelashwa kokumanzana nokushisa kanye namagesi asetshenzisiwe, ingaphezulu lolo daba luzoqukatha ama-oxide aqinile futhi angagqoki futhi / noma ama-carbide.

Ukusebenza kwezingxenye ze-P / M

Iningi lezindawo zezingxenye ze-P / M, kufaka phakathi ukusebenza nge-machinability, azihlobene nje nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwe-alloy, kodwa futhi nezinga le-porosity lesakhiwo se-porous. I-porosity yezingxenye eziningi zesakhiwo ifinyelela ku-15% ～ 20%. I-porosity yezingxenye ezisetshenziswa njengamadivayisi wokuhlunga ingaba phezulu ngama-50%. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lochungechunge, i-porosity yezingxenye ezihlanganisiwe noma ze-hip ingu-1% noma ngaphansi kuphela. Lezi zinto zibaluleke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezimoto nezindiza ngoba zingafinyelela amazinga aphezulu amandla.
Amandla okuqina, ukuqina nokuqina kwe-alloy P / M kuzokwanda ngokwanda kokuqina, futhi amandla okusebenza angabuye athuthukiswe, ngoba i-porosity iyingozi kutiphu yethuluzi.
Ukukhuphuka kwezinga le-porosity kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kokuzwakala kwezingxenye. I-damping oscillation ezingxenyeni ezijwayelekile incishiswe kakhulu ezingxenyeni ze-P / M, ezibaluleke kakhulu kumathuluzi omshini, ama-blowpipe wokupholisa umoya namathuluzi womoya. I-porosity ephezulu nayo iyadingeka kumagiya okuzithambisa.

Ubunzima ekusetshenzisweni kwemishini

Yize enye yezinhloso zokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo komkhakha we-P / M ukuqeda ukwenziwa kwemishini, futhi okunye kokuheha okuyinhloko kwenqubo ye-P / M ukuthi kudingeka inani elincane nje lokucubungula, izingxenye eziningi zisadinga ukwelashwa ngemuva ukuthola ngokunemba ephakeme noma kangcono ebusweni sekugcineni. Ngeshwa, machining lezi zingxenye kunzima kakhulu. Iningi lezinkinga okuhlangatshezwana nazo zibangelwa yi-porosity. Ukulangazelela kuholela ekukhatheni okuncane komphetho wokusika. Umngcele wokusika uhlala usika ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Idlula phakathi kwezinhlayiya nezimbobo. Ukuphindaphinda umthelela omncane kuholela ekuqhekekeni okuncane onqenqemeni lokusika.

Le mifantu yokukhathala ikhula kuze kube yilapho umphetho wokusika uwa. Lolu hlobo lwe-micro chipping edge ngokuvamile lincane kakhulu, futhi imvamisa lukhombisa ukugqoka okujwayelekile okweqile.
Ukulangazelela futhi kunciphisa ukuqhutshwa okushisayo kwezingxenye ze-P / M, okuholela ekushiseni okuphezulu onqenqemeni lokusika futhi kubangele ukugqokwa kwe-crater nokuguquguquka. Isakhiwo se-porous esixhunywe ngaphakathi sinikeza indlela yokukhishwa koketshezi lokusika kusuka endaweni yokusika. Lokhu kungadala imifantu eshisayo noma ukusonteka, ikakhulukazi lapho kubhola.

Ukwanda kwendawo ebangelwa ukwakheka kwangaphakathi okunezinhlaka nakho kuholela ekwakheni uketshezi kanye / noma ne-carbonization ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kokushisa. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, lawa ma-oxide nama-carbide alukhuni futhi amelana nezingubo.

Isakhiwo esinamaphaphu sinikeza nokwehluleka kwengxenye yokufunda ubulukhuni, okubaluleke kakhulu. Lapho ubunzima be-macro yengxenye ye-P / M bulinganiswa ngenhloso, kufaka phakathi nobulukhuni bomgodi. Isakhiwo esinezimbobo siholela ekuweni kwesakhiwo futhi sinikeze umbono ongalungile wezingxenye ezithambile. Izinhlayiya zinzima kakhulu. Njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla, umehluko uyamangalisa.

Ukuba khona kokufakwa ezingxenyeni ze-PM nakho kuyinto embi. Ngesikhathi semishini, lezi zinhlayiya zizodonswa phezulu, bese kuklwebheka noma ukuklwebheka ebusweni bengxenye lapho ihlikihlwa phambi kwethuluzi. Lokhu kufakwa kuvame ukuba kukhulu, kushiye izimbobo ezibonakalayo ebusweni bengxenye.

Umehluko wokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kuholela ekungahambelani kwemishini. Isibonelo, okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kwe-fc0208 alloy amabanga kusuka ku-0.6% kuya ku-0.9%. Iqoqo lezinto ezinokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okungu-0.9% kunzima kakhulu, okuholela empilweni yamathuluzi empofu. Elinye iqoqo lezinto ezinokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okungu-0.6% linempilo yethuluzi elihle kakhulu. Womabili ama-alloys aphakathi kwebanga elivumelekile.

Inkinga yokugcina imishini ihlobene nohlobo lokusika olwenzeka engxenyeni ye-P / M. Njengoba ingxenye isondele ekubunjweni kokugcina, ukusika okusika kuvame ukujula kakhulu. Lokhu kudinga umkhawulo wokusika wamahhala. Ukwakhiwa kwe-Chip onqenqemeni lokusika kuvame ukuholela ekunqunyulweni okuncane.

Iyacubungula ubuchwepheshe

Ukunqoba lezi zinkinga, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuningana (obuhlukile embonini). Isakhiwo se-porous esivame ukuvalwa ngokungena. Ukwengeza ukusika kwamahhala kuyadingeka. Muva nje, kusetshenziswe izindlela zokukhiqiza impuphu ezenzelwe ukukhulisa inhlanzeko yempuphu nokunciphisa ama-oxide nama-carbide ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kokushisa kusetshenzisiwe.

Isakhiwo esingena ngaphakathi esivaliwe senziwa ngensimbi (imvamisa ithusi) noma ukungena kwe-polymer. Kucatshangwe ukuthi ukungena kungena njengothambisa. Iningi lemininingwane yokuhlola ikhombisa ukuthi inzuzo yangempela ilele ekuvaleni ukwakheka okungaphezulu komhlaba futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuvimbele ukukhathala okuncane komphetho wokusika. Ukwehliswa kwengxoxo kuthuthukisa impilo yethuluzi nokuqedwa kwendawo. Ukusetshenziswa okuphawuleka kakhulu kokungena kukhombisa ukukhuphuka okungama-200% kwempilo yamathuluzi lapho isakhiwo se-porous sivaliwe.

Izithasiselo ezinjengeMNS, s, MoS2, MgSiO3 ne-BN ziyaziwa ukuthi zandisa impilo yamathuluzi. Lezi zithasiselo zithuthukisa ukusetshenzwa ngemishini ngokwenza kube lula ukuthi ama-chip ahlukane no-workpiece, aphule ama-chips, avimbele ukwakheka kwe-chip nokugcoba onqenqemeni lokusika. Ukunyusa inani lezithasiselo kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kwamandla, kepha kunciphise amandla nokuqina.

Ubuchwepheshe be-powder atomization bokulawula ukuphefumula kokushisa nokushisa ukushisa igesi kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukukhiqiza i-powder ehlanzekile nezingxenye, okunciphisa ukwenzeka kokufakwa kanye ne-surface oxide carbides.

Ithuluzi lempahla

Amathuluzi asetshenziswa kakhulu embonini ye-P / M yilezo zinto ezingamelana nokugqokwa, ukumelana nokuqhekeka konqenqemeni kanye ne-chip mahhala ngaphansi kwesimo sokuqeda okuhle komhlaba. Lezi zici ziwusizo kunoma yikuphi ukusebenza kwemishini, ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni ze-P / M. Okokusebenza kwamathuluzi okufakwe kulesi sigaba kungamathuluzi we-cubic boron nitride (CBN), ama-cermet angahlanganisiwe futhi ahlanganiswe, kanye nama-carbide asemende ahlanganiswe ngokhuni.

Amathuluzi e-CBN ayathandeka ngenxa yobulukhuni bawo obuphakeme nokugqokwa kwawo. Leli thuluzi lisetshenziswe iminyaka eminingi ekusetshenzisweni kwensimbi nensimbi yensimbi enobulukhuni beRockwell engama-45 nangaphezulu. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezakhiwo eziyingqayizivele ze-P / M alloy nomehluko omkhulu phakathi kobuncane nobukhulu, amathuluzi we-CBN angasetshenziselwa izingxenye ze-P / M ezinobulukhuni be-Rockwell buka-25. Ipharamitha eyinhloko ubunzima bezinhlayiya. Lapho ubunzima bezinhlayiya budlula i-Rockwell 50 degrees, amathuluzi we-CBN ayatholakala ngaphandle kwenani le-macro hardness. Umkhawulo osobala walawa mathuluzi ukwehluleka kwawo ukuqina. Uma kwenzeka ukusika okufika ngezikhathi ezithile noma i-porosity ephezulu, ukuqiniswa komphetho kufaka phakathi i-chamfering engemihle kanye ne-honing esindayo kuyadingeka. Ukusika ukukhanya okulula kungenziwa nge-honed cutting edge.

Kunezinto eziningana ze-CBN eziphumelelayo. Izinto ezinokuqina okuhle kakhulu zakhiwa yi-CBN yonke. Zinobulukhuni obuhle kakhulu, ngakho-ke zingasetshenziselwa ukuqagela. Ukulinganiselwa kwabo kuvame ukuhlobene nokuqedwa komhlaba. Ngokuyinhloko kunqunywa izinhlayiya zomuntu ngamunye ze-CBN ezakha ithuluzi. Lapho izinhlayiya ziwela emaphethelweni wokusika, zizothinta ubuso bento yokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, akuyona into ebaluleke kangako ukuthi ithuluzi lezinhlayiya ezinhle liwela kuyinhlayiya eyodwa.

Izinto ze-CBN ezivame ukusetshenziswa zinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-CBN nosayizi wezinhlayiyana eziphakathi. I-CBN blade yokuqeda ukusanhlamvu okuhle, futhi okuqukethwe kwe-CBN kuphansi. Zisebenza kahle kakhulu lapho kudingeka ukusika okulula nokuqedwa kobuso noma lapho ingxubevange esetshenziswayo inzima kakhulu.

Kuzinhlelo eziningi zokusika, impilo yamathuluzi izimele ngohlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngamanye amagama, noma iyiphi into ye-CBN ingafinyelela impilo efanayo yethuluzi. Kulezi zimo, ukukhethwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kuncike kakhulu kuzindleko eziphansi kunqenqema ngalunye lokusika. Ibhande elilodwa eliyindilinga linendawo yonke ephezulu ye-CBN futhi lingahlinzeka ngemiphetho yokusika emine noma ngaphezulu, eshibhile kunezingqimba ezine ezihlotshiswe nge-CBN.

Lapho ubulukhuni bezingxenye ze-P / M buphansi kune-Rockwell 35 degree, nobulukhuni bezinhlayiya buphakathi kobubanzi, i-cermet imvamisa ingenye yezinqumo. Ama-Cermets anzima kakhulu, angavikela ngempumelelo ukwakheka kwe-chip futhi angamelana nejubane elikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngoba ama-cermets abelokhu esetshenziselwa ukusheshisa nokuqedela imishini yensimbi nensimbi engagqwali, imvamisa anezindawo ezinhle zejometri ezilungele izingxenye eziseduze nezakhiwe.

Ama-cermets anamuhla ayinkimbinkimbi ekusetshenzisweni kwensimbi, anezinto ezifika ku-11 ezixubayo. Imvamisa zenziwe sintered kusuka kuzinhlayiya ze-TiCN nokunamathela kwe-Ni Mo. I-TiCN inikeza ubulukhuni, ukumelana ne-chip build-up kanye nokuzinza kwamakhemikhali okubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni ngempumelelo kwama-cermets. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lawa mathuluzi ngokuvamile anokuqukethwe okunamathelayo okuphezulu, okusho ukuthi anokuqina okuhle. Ngamafuphi, banazo zonke izici zokucubungula i-alloy P / M ngempumelelo. Izinhlobo eziningi zamakhemikhali ziyasebenza, njenge-tungsten carbide sintered cemented carbide, ukuphakama kokuqukethwe kwe-binder, ngcono ubunzima.

Intuthuko entsha eyaziwayo ukuthi ukushisa kwamakhemikhali okushisa okuphakathi (mtcvd) nakho kunika inzuzo embonini yeP / M. I-Mtcvd igcina konke ukumelana nokugqoka nokuqina kokugqokwa komgodi wamakhemikhali wendabuko wamakhemikhali (CVD), kepha futhi kuthuthukisa ukuqina ngokufanele. Ukwanda kobulukhuni ikakhulu kuvela ekunciphiseni kwemifantu. Ukumbozwa kufakwa emazingeni aphezulu okushisa bese kupholile esithandweni somlilo. Ukumbozwa kuqukethe imifantu lapho ithuluzi lifinyelela ekamelweni lokushisa ngenxa yokwanda okungafani kokushisa. Ngokufana nokuklwebheka engilazini eyisicaba, lokhu kuqhekeka kwehlisa amandla onqenqemeni lokusika. Izinga lokushisa eliphansi le-mtcvd liholela kumvuthwandaba ophansi wokuqina nobulukhuni obungcono bokunquma.

Lapho i-substrate yokumbozwa kwe-CVD nokugqokwa kwe-mtcvd kunezici ezifanayo nokugqoka onqenqemeni, umehluko wokuqina kwabo ungakhonjiswa. Lapho isetshenziswa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho kudingeka khona ubulukhuni bomphetho, ukusebenza kokumbozwa kwe-mtcvd kungcono kunalokho kokumbozwa kwe-CVD. Ngokuhlaziya, lapho kwenziwa imishini yezingxenye ze-P / M ezinesakhiwo se-porous, ubunzima bomphetho bubalulekile. Ukumbozwa kwe-Mtcvd kungcono kunokumboza kwe-CVD.

Ukumbozwa komhwamuko womzimba (PVD) mncane futhi kumelana nokugqoka okuncane kunokugqokwa kwe-mtcvd noma kwe-CVD. Noma kunjalo, ukumbozwa kwe-PVD kungamelana nomthelela omkhulu ekusetshenzisweni. Ukumbozwa kwe-PVD kuyasebenza lapho ukusika kungukugqoka okungahambi kahle, ama-CBN nama-cermet aqine kakhulu futhi adinga ukuphela komhlaba okuhle kakhulu.

Isibonelo, umkhawulo wokusika we-C-2 usimende we-carbide ungenziwa ngomshini fc0205 ngejubane lomugqa we-180 m / min nesilinganiso sokuphakelayo esingu-0.15 mm / revolution. Ngemuva kokusebenzisa izingxenye ezingama-20, ukwakheka kwe-chip kungadala ukuwa okuncane. Lapho kusetshenziswa ukumbozwa kwe-PVD titanium nitride (TIN), ukwakha i-chip kuyabanjwa futhi impilo yethuluzi iyandiswa. Lapho kusetshenziswa i-tin enamathela kulolu vivinyo, izici zokugqoka ezilimazayo zezingxenye ze-P / M kulindeleke ukuthi zisebenze kangcono ngokumbozwa kwe-TiCN. I-TiCN icishe ifane ne-chip build-up resistance efana ne-tin, kepha inzima futhi ayikwazi ukumelana nokugqokwa kunethini.

Isakhiwo esidabukisayo sibalulekile futhi sithinta ukungasebenzi kwamandla kwe-fc0208 alloy. Lapho isakhiwo se-porous nezimpawu zishintsha, izinto zethuluzi ezahlukahlukene zinikeza izinzuzo ezihambisanayo. Lapho ubukhulu buphansi (6.4g / cm3), i-macrohardness iphansi. Kulokhu, i-carbide eboshwe ngosayizi we-mtcvd inikeza impilo engcono kakhulu yethuluzi. Ukukhathala okuncane kokunquma kubaluleke kakhulu, futhi ukuqina komphetho kubaluleke kakhulu. Kulokhu, ubulukhuni obuhle be-cermet blade buhlinzeka ngempilo yethuluzi ephezulu.

Lapho kukhiqizwa ingxubevange efanayo enobuningi be-6.8g / cm3, ukugqoka okungahambi kahle kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuqhekeka komphetho. Kulokhu, ukumbozwa kwe-mtcvd kunikela ngempilo yethuluzi ehamba phambili. I-PVD camera carbide ehlanganisiwe isetshenziselwa ukuvivinya izinhlobo ezimbili zezingxenye ezinzima ngokwedlulele, futhi iyaphuka uma ithinta onqenqemeni lokusika.

Lapho isivinini sikhuphuka (ijubane elihambisanayo lingaphezu kwamamitha angama-300 ngomzuzu), ama-cermets ngisho namacermet agqokiwe azokhiqiza ukugqokwa kwe-crater. I-carbide ehlanganisiwe ifaneleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lapho ubunzima obunqenqemeni be-carbide ehlanganisiwe buhle. Ukumbozwa kwe-Mtcvd kusebenza ikakhulukazi ku-carbide osimende onendawo ecebile ye-cobalt.

Ama-Cermet asetshenziswa kakhulu ekuphendukeni nasekudinieni. Ama-carbide ahlanganiswe ngophawu lwe-PVD alungele ukwenziwa kwemicu ngoba isivinini esiphansi nokunaka okwengeziwe ekwakheni kungalindeleka.

Sicela ugcine umthombo nekheli lale ndatshana ukuze uphinde uprintwe:Ukusika Machining Of Powder Metallurgy (P / M) Izingxenye  

Inkampani kaMinghe Casting inikezelwe ukukhiqiza nokuhlinzeka ngekhwalithi nokusebenza okuphezulu Izingxenye Zokulingisa (izingxenye zensimbi zensimbi zifeza ububanzi zifaka ikakhulu I-Thin-Wall Die Casting,I-Hot Chamber Die Casting,Cold Chamber die Casting), Insizakalo Eyindilinga (Insiza Yokulingisa,ICnc Machining,Ukwenza Okubandayo, Surface Treatment) .Noma ikuphi ukusakazwa kwe-Aluminium die, i-magnesium noma i-Zamak / zinc die casting nezinye izidingo zokuphosa zamukelekile ukuxhumana nathi.

Ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwe-ISO9001 ne-TS 16949, Zonke izinqubo zenziwa ngamakhulu emishini esezingeni eliphakeme yokufa, imishini ye-5-axis, nezinye izikhungo, ezisukela kuma-blasters kuya kumishini yokuwasha ye-Ultra Sonic.Minghe akagcinanga ngemishini esezingeni eliphezulu kepha futhi unobuchwepheshe iqembu lonjiniyela abanolwazi, ama-opharetha nabahloli ukwenza ukwakheka kwekhasimende kugcwaliseke.

Umenzi wenkontileka yokufa kwabasikiwe. Amandla afaka izingxenye ezibandayo ze-aluminium die casting ezivela ku-0.15 lbs. kuye ku-6 lbs., Ukusetha ushintsho olusheshayo, nemishini. Izinsizakalo ezingezwe ngenani zifaka phakathi ukupholisha, ukudlidliza, ukuphazamisa, ukuqhumisa ngokudubula, ukupenda, ukuhlobisa, ukumboza, ukuhlangana nokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi. Izinto zokusebenza ezisetshenzisiwe zifaka ama-alloys afana no-360, 380, 383, no-413.

I-Zinc die casting design usizo / izinsizakalo zobunjiniyela ezihambisanayo. Umenzi wangokwezifiso we-precision zinc die castings. Ukusakazwa okuncane, ukukhishwa kwengcindezi ephezulu, ukusikeka kwesikhunta esiningi, ukujikijelwa kwesikhunta okuvamile, ukufefa kwamayunithi kanye nokuzimela okuzimele kanye nokuvalwa okuvaliwe komgodi kungenziwa. Ama-Castings angenziwa ngobude nobubanzi obufinyelela ku-24 in. Ku +/- 0.0005 in. Ukubekezelelana.  

I-ISO 9001: Umkhiqizi oqinisekisiwe ka-2015 we-die cast magnesium, Amandla afaka i-high-pressure magnesium die casting up to 200 ton chamber hot & 3000 ton cold chamber, designing designing, polishing, molding, machining, powder & liquid paint, QA full with CMM amakhono , inhlangano, ukupakisha nokulethwa.

Kuqinisekiswe i-ITAF16949. Insiza Eyengeziwe Yokulingisa Faka ukukhipha utshalomali,ukuphonsa kwesihlabathi,Ukuphonswa kwamandla, Lost Foam Ekubunjweni,I-Centrifugal Casting,Ukuphoswa Kokuqothula,Permanent Isikhunta Ukulingisa, Amakhono afaka i-EDI, usizo lobunjiniyela, ukumodeliswa okuqinile nokucutshungulwa kwesibili.

Izimboni Zokulingisa Izingxenye Zamacala Ezifundo Zezimoto: Izimoto, Amabhayisikili, Izindiza, Izinsimbi Zomculo, I-Watercraft, Amadivayisi we-Optical, Izinzwa, Amamodeli, Amadivayisi we-elekthronikhi, Ukuvaleka, Amawashi, Imishini, Izinjini, Ifenisha, Ubucwebe, AmaJig, Telecom, Ukukhanyisa, Amadivayisi Wezokwelapha, amadivayisi wezithombe, Amarobhothi, okubaziwe, okokusebenza komsindo, okwezemidlalo, i-Tooling, Amathoyizi nokuningi. 

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By Umkhiqizi weMinghe Die Casting | Izigaba: Izindatshana Eziwusizo |Material Omaka: I-Aluminium Casting, Zinc Ukulingisa, Ukulingiswa kweMagnesium, I-Titanium Casting, Insimbi Engagqwali, Brass Ekubunjweni,Ukulingiswa kweBronze,Isakaza ividiyo,Umlando wenkampani,I-Aluminium Die Casting | Amazwana Off