Indlela Entsha Yokuhlanza Insimbi Encibilikisiwe

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, imboni yokukhiqiza imishini yaseChina ilethe i-epoch-making leap era embonini yezokukhiqiza yaseChina enqubweni yokuhlanganisa namazinga omhlaba. Ngokuyinhloko, ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwezimboni zendabuko nezikhulayo ezifana nokukhiqizwa kwezimoto, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla omoya, nemishini ye-metallurgical, kuhambisana nomkhuba omusha wokukhiqizwa kwamazwe omhlaba okuya eChina nase-Asia, kufake ubungqabavu nobungqabavu embonini yesisekelo yaseChina, okwenza i-China Foundry Karma ithole indawo yokusinda nentuthuko.

Noma ngubani onobuchwepheshe obusha, izinqubo ezintsha, nemikhiqizo emisha bazoba nethuba lokuqala lokuwina emncintiswaneni onamandla wemakethe. Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwekhwalithi yemikhiqizo yokulingisa, ikakhulukazi izidingo eziqinile zokuphonswa okuphezulu kwamanye amazwe ngekhwalithi yensimbi encibilikisiwe, kusenze sabhekana nezinselelo ezintsha nokuphikisana okusha. Ungayithola kanjani insimbi encibilikile esezingeni eliphakeme ngenhlanzeko ephezulu futhi usebenzise izindlela zokuhlanza insimbi ezincibilikile zokukhiqiza imikhiqizo ephezulu yokulingisa idonsele ukunakwa okubanzi nokunakwa okukhulu okuvela embonini yezisekelo yasekhaya. Ngokulandelayo, ngizonaba kabanzi ngesiphakamiso esithi "ukugqobhoza umgodla wokuphonsa futhi ngihlole izindlela ezintsha zokuhlanza insimbi encibilikisiwe".

Umthelela wokuncibilika kwensimbi encibilikile kukhwalithi yemikhiqizo yokusakaza

Njengoba sonke sazi. Kunezici eziningi ezithinta ikhwalithi yabalingisi. Njengokumodela, ukugeleza kwenqubo, ikhwalithi yempahla eluhlaza, ikhwalithi yesisebenzi, ikhwalithi yensimbi encibilikisiwe, inqubo yokwelashwa kokushisa, ukusakaza ukucubungula, njll. Nokho, ikhwalithi yensimbi encibilikisiwe iyinto ebalulekile ethinta ikhwalithi yabaphoswayo. Umqondo wekhwalithi yensimbi encibilikisiwe yendabuko yakhiwe ngezinkomba ezintathu ezinkulu: ukushisa kwensimbi encibilikisiwe, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali nobumsulwa. Ngokwenkambiso yamanje yokwengeza izinsimbi ezahlukahlukene ukukhiqiza insimbi encibilikisiwe, izinto ezithile zensimbi nazo zilethe inkinga yokuhlukaniswa kwesakhiwo se-metallographic ngenkathi kusetshenziswa isakhiwo se-metallographic yensimbi encibilikisiwe. Njengamanje, ukulawula okuqondile kokushisa namakhemikhali okwenziwe ngensimbi encibilikile akusiyona inkinga, futhi izindlela eziningi ziyasebenza. Yize ucwaningo ngezinkinga zokuhlanzwa kwensimbi encibilikile kanye nokufana kwesakhiwo se-metallographic kudonse ukunaka kwabakhiqizi abaningi basekhaya, azikho izindlela zikakhonkolo nezingenzeka ezenziwe. Kwamanye ama-monographs ahlaziya indlela okwenzeka ngayo ukusakaza amaphutha nezindlela zokuvimbela, kunakwe kakhulu izinkinga zokumodela nokwenza inqubo, kanye nobudlelwano obuyimbangela phakathi kokuhlanzeka okuphansi kwensimbi encibilikisiwe, ukufana kwesakhiwo se-metallographic kanye nokwakheka kokukhubazeka akunakiwe. Ukungaqondani kuvele lapho kucatshangelwa indlela yokwakheka kwamaphutha ahlukahlukene okusakaza.

• Okokuqala, ekukhiqizeni ama-castings, ngoba insimbi encibilikisiwe ayihlanzekile futhi ukufana kwesakhiwo se-metallographic kuyinjongo, asikho isidingo sokukubuza. Ngoba insimbi encibilikisiwe isenqubeni yokuncibilikisa, ukufuthelana, nokufaka izinto ezahlukahlukene zensimbi. Kunamagesi ahlukahlukene ayingozi nokufakwa okuhlukahlukene okungekhona okwensimbi emanzini, futhi ngenxa yezici ezibonakalayo, iphuzu lokuncibilika, ubungako, nosayizi wezinhlayiyana ngesikhathi senqubo yokwengeza izinto ezithile zensimbi Ezinye izinto. Kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ancibilika ngokulinganayo ngensimbi encibilikile. Ukuba khona kwenjongo kanye nomphumela walezi zinto kubangele ukukhubazeka okuhlukahlukene ngemuva kokuqina kwensimbi encibilikisiwe, okuthinte ukusebenza kwemikhiqizo yokulingisa: izindawo ezinzima ezakhiwe ukufakwa okungekhona okwensimbi nakho kuthinte ukusebenza kokusika kokuphonsa.
• Okwesibili, ukwakheka okufanayo kwamakhemikhali kanye nokwakheka okufanayo kwe-metallographic, sithole ukuthi ngenqubo yokubeka uphawu kuzingxenye zasekhaya nezingxenye ezingenisiwe, izingxenye ezingenisiwe zivame ukuba ngamamaki ama-1-2 aphezulu kunezingxenye zasekhaya: ubulukhuni bezingxenye ezingenisiwe buphakeme kunokuzisika ukusebenza izingxenye ezifuywayo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, isizathu esiyinhloko sokuphakama kwabalingisi basekhaya ukuthi ukufana kwesakhiwo se-metallographic sento kuhle.

Ukuhlaziywa kwezimbangela zensimbi engcolile encibilikisiwe

Izimbangela zamagesi ahlukahlukene ayingozi nokufakwa okuhlukahlukene okungekhona okwensimbi kwensimbi encibilikile kuxoxwa ngakho ngokuningiliziwe kuma-monographs amaningi okusakaza. Njengamanje, ukungcola nokufana okuncane kwensimbi encibilikisiwe okubangelwe ukufakwa okungekhona okwensimbi ku-cast iron, i-ferrosilicon alloy inoculant, i-ejenti yomhlaba engajwayelekile ye-spheroidizing kanye ne-akhawunti engavamile ye-ejenti ye-vermicularizing ejenti engaphezulu kwe-60% yenani lezinto zokulahla izinto.

Kuyaqondakala. Manje njengoba abakhiqizi be-ferrosilicon bevinjelwe izinsizakusebenza ze-silica nensimbi ezilahliwe futhi ziqhutshwa ukwehliswa kwezindleko, iningi labakhiqizi lisebenzisa izikali ezishibhile zensimbi oxide (eziqukethe cishe i-60% ye-iron oxide) ukufaka izigaxa zensimbi ezibizayo; usilika ukhokhiswa esithandweni somlilo. Okuqukethwe kwe-silicon kungaphansi kwezinga likazwelonke, futhi i-silica equkethe ngaphansi kuka-98% isetshenziswa njenge-shoddy; ukuze uphishekele isivuno esikhulu nokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi, izinga lokushisa eliphansi lesithando somlilo le-ferrosilicon liholela ngqo ekuhlanzekeni okuphansi komkhiqizo we-ferrosilicon nenani elikhulu lokufakwa kwe-slag. Ukwanda kuyingozi kakhulu ekubunjweni. Ngenxa yokuthi iphuzu lokuncibilika kwe-silicon carbide liphakeme njengo-2 450 ℃ noma ngaphezulu, kunzima ukuthi izinga lokushisa lethu lensimbi elijwayelekile lincibilike futhi lihlale kusimbi encibilikisiwe, lenze amaphutha okusakaza. Ikakhulukazi ekuncibilikiseni kwensimbi empunga, i-ejenti yokuqongelela i-slag evelele kunzima ukukuqeda ngokuphelele.

Mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwensimbi yengulube, izinsizakusebenza zensimbi ezisezingeni eliphakeme ziya ngokuya ngokushoda. Abanye abakhiqizi baphinde bamba imayini yensimbi esezingeni eliphansi eyashiywa esikhathini esedlule ukuze kukhiqizwe insimbi. Lezi zinkampani zivame ukusebenzisa amakheli okuqhuma angaphansi kuka-200 m3 wokuncibilikisa. Izinga lokushisa kwesithando somlilo alinayo imishini eshisayo yokuqhuma. Izinto eziyingozi ku-ore azishiswa ngokuhlanzeka. Ngaphezu kokulungiswa kwento eluhlaza engaqondakali, kunezinkinga ezinkulu ngobumsulwa bensimbi eyakhiwe. Letha ukungcola okuhlukahlukene nama-oxide ensimbi ebunjiwe. Izinkinga ekukhiqizeni ama-spheroidizing agents nazo zivelele kakhulu. Ngenxa yokulawulwa kombuso ngezinsizakusebenza zomhlaba ezingavamile

Ikakhulukazi, umthethonqubo oqinile we-Baotou Baiyun Obo imayini yomhlaba engajwayelekile iphoqe abakhiqizi abaningi basekhaya bama-nodulizers ukuthi bakhiqize ama-nodulizers ezintweni ezisetshenzisiwe ezenziwe kabusha ezingavamisile zomhlaba eMianning, eSichuan. Izinga lokumuncwa kwalo nomphumela wokusetshenziswa kwehlisiwe kakhulu, okwenza insimbi encibilikile kwasekuqaleni yimbi kakhulu.

Izizathu ezibalulwe ngenhla zithinta ngqo ubumsulwa bensimbi encibilikisiwe kufanele zithathwe ngokungathi sína futhi kuthathwe izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuyixazulula.

Izinyathelo ezithile zokuhlanzwa kwensimbi encibilikisiwe

Nge-FAW Foundry Co, Ltd. njengomholi, uBaotou Xinghuo Rare Earth Ferroalloy Co, Ltd. usebenzisana ngokukhethekile nenhlanganisela yemvelo yamaketanga amabili ezimboni zokuncibilikisa nokuncibilikisa, ngokuxazulula ngempumelelo inkinga yokuhlanzwa kwensimbi encibilikisiwe, ukuxazulula ubunzima izinkinga esezihluphe umkhakha wemboni iminyaka eminingi, futhi zagqobhoza umgogodla wokusakaza Futhi zaphakamisa izixazululo ezithile ekukhiqizeni kanjena.

•  (1) Ukusetshenziswa kokuncibilikisa okushisa okuphezulu ngaphezu kwe-1500 ℃ kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokwenza ngcono ukuhlanzwa kwensimbi encibilikisiwe, ikakhulukazi umoya oshisayo noma umoya ocebile we-oxygen osetshenziswe ekuncibilikeni kwe-cupola kungathuthukisa ngempumelelo ikhwalithi yensimbi encibilikisiwe futhi yenze ikhwalithi yensimbi encibilikisiwe ihlanjululwe futhi yalingana. Mayelana nalokhu, igebe elikhulu phakathi kwamazwe asekhaya nakwamanye amazwe kufanele livuse ukunakwa okukhulu futhi linciphise kancane igebe kulokhu.
•  (2) Kusetshenziswa amanani amakhulu ensimbi eyilahliwe enokuhlanzeka okuphezulu. Uma inqubo ivuma, khulisa okokufaka kwensimbi eyilahliwe ukufaka insimbi yengulube, futhi ubumsulwa bensimbi encibilikile bungathuthukiswa kakhulu ngokwandisa ikhabhoni. Ngenkathi siphenya ezinye izinkampani ezidumile zaseYurophu ezakha izimoto, sathola inkinga ejwayelekile ngokuhlaziya nokuqhathanisa inqubo yabo yokuncibilikisa insimbi nokukhokha imali, okuwukuphikisana nokuhlanzwa kwensimbi encibilikisiwe, nokusetshenziswa okukhulu insimbi eyilahliwe esikhundleni sensimbi yengulube ingesinye sezinyathelo eziyisisekelo. . Isibonelo, inani le-nodular crankshaft scrapha yezinjini zezimoto ezikhiqizwe yisisekelo esikhethekile senkampani yethu i-FAW-Volkswagen ifinyelele kuma-70%, kanti isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuyinyusa ibe ngu-90% ngemuva kokuthi izinsiza zisimeme. Njengamanje, inani eliphelele lezinto ezilahliwe zensimbi ye-ductile crankshafts lingaphansi kwe-2%, elaziwa uhlangothi lwaseJalimane, lithatha indawo yemikhiqizo yaseJalimane engenisiwe ngokuphelele. Ikhwalithi yokusebenza nokusebenza kokusebenza kufinyelele ezingeni eliphakeme lomhlaba jikelele.
•   (3) Ukusetshenziswa kocingo lomhlaba olungaziwa nge-magnesium alloy cored njenge-spheroidizing ejenti kunciphisa ukungcola okulethwe yi-block spheroidizing agent kusimbi encibilikisiwe futhi kuthuthukisa ubumsulwa bensimbi encibilikisiwe ngemuva kokuphazanyiswa, ngenkathi isilinganiso se-spheroidization sifinyelela ngaphezu kuka-90%. Sisebenzise le nqubo kokunye ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okudinga amamaki aphezulu we-spheroidization futhi sithole imiphumela emihle. Ngoba ucingo lwe-magnesium alloy cored olungajwayelekile luyinto yokuhlanzeka okuphezulu, futhi isilinganiso salo sokumunca siphezulu ngama-30% kunaleso se-block spheroidizing agent.
•   (4) Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi i-cast iron kumele ikhiqizwe esithandweni sokuqhuma esingaphezu kwama-200m3. Ikhwalithi yensimbi yengulube emakethe ayilingani. Ithonya lezinto ezithile ezilandelela insimbi yengulube kukhwalithi yokulingiswa ayinakubukelwa phansi.
•   (5) Ezinye izinto zokushaja ezifana ne-ferrosilicon, i-ejenti yomhlaba engajwayelekile ye-spheroidizing, i-inoculant, i-ejenti ye-vermillioning engavamile yomhlaba kanye ne-alloy master alloy engavamile, njll. Sidinga abakhiqizi bomhlaba abangavamile ukuthola inqubo ephelele yokuncibilikisa umhlaba oncibilikisayo wokuhlanza ukungcola lawa macala Ayaphuma ukuthola izinto ezimsulwa ngokwedlulele. Thatha i-ferrosilicon njengesibonelo, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa i-ferrosilicon esezingeni eliphakeme, okusho ukuthi, i-ferrosilicon esetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke enokuqukethwe kwe-silicon okungaphezulu kwama-75%, futhi ikhwalithi ye-ferrosilicon esetshenziswe njenge-inoculant kufanele ilawulwe ngokuqinile ukuqinisekisa ukwakheka okufanayo futhi uvimbele ukukhipha isigaxa. Zinkulu kakhulu izimbangela zokuhlukaniswa kwezinto ezingalingani ngesikhathi sokuncipha. Njengamanje, amabhizinisi amaningi asekhaya awakunakile ngokwanele lokhu futhi asasebenzisa i-ferrosilicon ejwayelekile kazwelonke enokuqukethwe kwayo kwe-silicon ngokusemkhawulweni ophansi wama-72%.
•   (6) Isixazululo sokufana kwensimbi encibilikisiwe ukusebenzisa ama-master alloys. Ezinye izinto zensimbi ezincibilika kakhulu noma ezincibilika kancane okumele zengezwe ngenani elifanele azifakwa ngokuhlukile ngendlela yendabuko yokwengeza phambi kwesithando somlilo, kepha zinikelwa kumenzi we-ferroalloy ukwenza ingxubevange ephakathi nendawo evela uchungechunge lwezimboni lwangaphambilini ukuxazulula inkinga. Esikhathini esedlule, besisebenzisa indlela yokwengeza izinsimbi ezahlukahlukene esithandweni sokuncibilikisa ugesi noma ukufaka ku-ladle yensimbi encibilikisiwe ukulungisa ukwakheka kwensimbi encibilikisiwe phambi kwesithando somlilo. Kusukela kumphumela wangempela, kunamaphutha alandelayo. Ngenxa yomkhawulo wokushisa kwensimbi encibilikisiwe nomehluko phakathi kwendawo yokuncibilika nobuningi bezinsimbi ezithile ezengeziwe nezincibilikisiwe, kulula ukukhiqiza ukuphambuka kwe-metallographic ye-castings. Ngemuva kwalokho sisebenzisa izici zemishini nenqubo yamabhizinisi wokukhiqiza we-ferroalloy nobuchwepheshe bawo obunelungelo lobunikazi ukuxazulula le nkinga ngempumelelo ngokukhiqiza ama-alloys akhethekile afana nezithasiselo ze-chromium-manganese-silicon alloy ezisetshenziswa inkampani yethu, umhlaba ongajwayelekile we-chromium-platinum- izithasiselo ze-manganese-silicon alloy, nezithasiselo ze-silicon-calcium-manganese alloy. Izinkinga zokuncibilika kwe-alloy kanye nokufana zinciphisa kakhulu izehlakalo zamabala anzima. Ngokuya ngezici, iphuzu lokuncibilika, izinga lokushisa, ubukhulu, kanye nosayizi wezinhlayiyana zezinto ezahlukahlukene, uhlobo olusha lwe-master alloy lukhiqizwa ngobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza noma bokuhlanza njenge-nodulizer, i-vermicularizing agent, i-alloy additive noma i-inoculant yokwelapha insimbi encibilikisiwe esikhundleni sokuba ingezwe ngokwehlukana ngaphambi kwesithando somlilo Izindlela zezakhi ezithile zensimbi. Ngoba ukukhiqizwa kwe-alloy kwamukela inqubo entsha yokususwa okugcwele kwe-slag yokuncibilikisa okuxubile, kuxazulula ngempumelelo inhlanganisela yemvelo phakathi komhlaba ongavamile nezinye izinsimbi ezahlukahlukene, ukuze izingxenye zobuchwepheshe zomhlaba ongavamile namanye ama-alloys aphakathi azinzile kakhulu, anembile, ahlanzekile futhi ayinakho ukungcola. Ngokuhlaziywa kwe-metallographic kwe-castings, ukusetshenziswa kwama-master alloys kunesakhiwo esifanayo nokusetshenziswa okuzinzile, okuthuthukisa kakhulu isivuno sokuphonsa. Kamuva, sekube esinye sezinyathelo eziyisisekelo zokwehlisa izinga lokwenqaba lokusakazwa. Njengamanje, izinkampani zensimbi ezifuywayo nezangaphandle zisebenzisa indlela yokwengeza ama-alloys amakhulu ekucwengeleni insimbi encibilikile ukukhiqiza insimbi esezingeni eliphakeme.

Ngokuthatha lezi zinyathelo ezingenhla, insimbi encibilikisiwe ekubunjweni ihlanzwe ngempumelelo, ethuthukisa kakhulu ikhwalithi yemvelo yenkampani yethu. Ukusakazwa okuhlukahlukene kwamaloli akwaJiefang akhiqizwa yinkampani yethu kuyanconywa ngabasebenzisi ngekhwalithi yabo ephezulu. Ngenxa yokwenziwa ngcono kwekhwalithi yokuphosa, imakethe yokuphonswa kwezimoto nayo iyanda. Ngasikhathi sinye, sikhuthaza ukwenziwa kwasendaweni kokunye ukusakazwa kweNkampani ye-FAW-Volkswagen. Konke lokhu kubangelwa umsebenzi othile wokuhlola esiwenzile emkhakheni wokuhlanzwa kwensimbi encibilikisiwe, futhi sithole imiphumela emihle. Imiphumela egculisayo. Ayibonanga kuphela ukuqhamuka kwamaphuzu anzima enqubweni yokulawulwa kwenqubo yokulingisa, kepha iphinde yathuthukisa ikhwalithi yabaphosayo, yandisa isivuno somkhiqizo wabasiki, futhi yazuza okuhle kwezomnotho.

Sicela ugcine umthombo nekheli lale ndatshana ukuze uphinde uprintwe:Indlela Entsha Yokuhlanza Insimbi Encibilikisiwe

UMinghe Inkampani yeDie Casting anikezelwe ekukhiqizeni nasekuhlinzekeni ikhwalithi nokusebenza okuphezulu Izingxenye Zokulingisa (izingxenye zensimbi zensimbi zokufa zisebenza ikakhulukazi zibandakanya I-Thin-Wall Die Casting,I-Hot Chamber Die Casting,Cold Chamber die Casting), Insizakalo Eyindilinga (Insiza Yokulingisa,ICnc Machining,Ukwenza Okubandayo, Surface Treatment) .Noma ikuphi ukusakazwa kwe-Aluminium die, i-magnesium noma i-Zamak / zinc die casting nezinye izidingo zokuphosa zamukelekile ukuxhumana nathi.

Ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwe-ISO9001 ne-TS 16949, Zonke izinqubo zenziwa ngamakhulu emishini esezingeni eliphakeme yokufa, imishini ye-5-axis, nezinye izikhungo, ezisukela kuma-blasters kuya kumishini yokuwasha ye-Ultra Sonic.Minghe akagcinanga ngemishini esezingeni eliphezulu kepha futhi unobuchwepheshe iqembu lonjiniyela abanolwazi, ama-opharetha nabahloli ukwenza ukwakheka kwekhasimende kugcwaliseke.

Umenzi wenkontileka yokufa kwabasikiwe. Amandla afaka izingxenye ezibandayo ze-aluminium die casting ezivela ku-0.15 lbs. kuye ku-6 lbs., Ukusetha ushintsho olusheshayo, nemishini. Izinsizakalo ezingezwe ngenani zifaka phakathi ukupholisha, ukudlidliza, ukuphazamisa, ukuqhumisa ngokudubula, ukupenda, ukuhlobisa, ukumboza, ukuhlangana nokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi. Izinto zokusebenza ezisetshenzisiwe zifaka ama-alloys afana no-360, 380, 383, no-413.

I-Zinc die casting design usizo / izinsizakalo zobunjiniyela ezihambisanayo. Umenzi wangokwezifiso we-precision zinc die castings. Ukusakazwa okuncane, ukukhishwa kwengcindezi ephezulu, ukusikeka kwesikhunta esiningi, ukujikijelwa kwesikhunta okuvamile, ukufefa kwamayunithi kanye nokuzimela okuzimele kanye nokuvalwa okuvaliwe komgodi kungenziwa. Ama-Castings angenziwa ngobude nobubanzi obufinyelela ku-24 in. Ku +/- 0.0005 in. Ukubekezelelana.  

I-ISO 9001: Umkhiqizi oqinisekisiwe ka-2015 we-die cast magnesium, Amandla afaka i-high-pressure magnesium die casting up to 200 ton chamber hot & 3000 ton cold chamber, designing designing, polishing, molding, machining, powder & liquid paint, QA full with CMM amakhono , inhlangano, ukupakisha nokulethwa.

Kuqinisekiswe i-ITAF16949. Insiza Eyengeziwe Yokulingisa Faka ukukhipha utshalomali,ukuphonsa kwesihlabathi,Ukuphonswa kwamandla, Lost Foam Ekubunjweni,I-Centrifugal Casting,Ukuphoswa Kokuqothula,Permanent Isikhunta Ukulingisa, Amakhono afaka i-EDI, usizo lobunjiniyela, ukumodeliswa okuqinile nokucutshungulwa kwesibili.

Izimboni Zokulingisa Izingxenye Zamacala Ezifundo Zezimoto: Izimoto, Amabhayisikili, Izindiza, Izinsimbi Zomculo, I-Watercraft, Amadivayisi we-Optical, Izinzwa, Amamodeli, Amadivayisi we-elekthronikhi, Ukuvaleka, Amawashi, Imishini, Izinjini, Ifenisha, Ubucwebe, AmaJig, Telecom, Ukukhanyisa, Amadivayisi Wezokwelapha, amadivayisi wezithombe, Amarobhothi, okubaziwe, okokusebenza komsindo, okwezemidlalo, i-Tooling, Amathoyizi nokuningi. 

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By Umkhiqizi weMinghe Die Casting | Izigaba: Izindatshana Eziwusizo |Material Omaka: I-Aluminium Casting, Zinc Ukulingisa, Ukulingiswa kweMagnesium, I-Titanium Casting, Insimbi Engagqwali, Brass Ekubunjweni,Ukulingiswa kweBronze,Isakaza ividiyo,Umlando wenkampani,I-Aluminium Die Casting | Amazwana Off